Siena Anstis is a PhD Fellow in Law at the University of Oslo and a senior legal advisor with the Citizen Lab at the Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy (University of Toronto). Previously, she worked as a litigation associate at Morrison & Foerster in New York City and clerked at the Supreme Court of Canada. She holds a law degree from McGill University and an LLM from the University of Cambridge. Her current research focuses on the regulation of transnational repression under international law.

Dan Black is a Senior Research Associate at ECCRI, a cyber threat expert with an interest in military cyber programs, operations, and the character of cyber conflict. He is currently a Manager of Cyber Espionage Analysis at Google Cloud’s Mandiant, and previously held similar leading analytical roles with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Canadian Centre for Cyber Security (CCCS). Dan holds master’s degrees in International Relations from Harvard University and in Anthropology from the University of Toronto. He was previously a Millennium Leadership Fellow with the Atlantic Council.

John E. Savage is the An Wang Professor Emeritus of Computer Science at Brown University. He is a Fellow of the AAAS, ACM, IEEE, and a Guggenheim Fellow. He served as a Jefferson Science Fellow in the US State Department, a Fellow at the EastWest Institute, and a member of the Rhode Island Cybersecurity Commission. He published over 100 research articles, two books on theoretical computer science, co-authored a book on computer literacy, and co-edited a book on VLSI and parallel systems. He has given more than 185 invited presentations worldwide.

Dr. Michael Fischerkeller is a research staff member in the Information Technology and Systems Division at the Institute for Defense Analyses.

Anita R. Gohdes is Professor of International and Cyber Security at the Hertie School in Berlin. She works at the intersection of international security and technology and is the author of the forthcoming book “Repression in the Digital Age: Surveillance, Censorship, and the Dynamics of State Violence”. Previously, she was Assistant Professor of International Relations at the University of Zurich and postdoctoral research fellow at Harvard Kennedy School’s Belfer Center’s International Security Program. Her work has appeared in the American Journal of Political Science, Journal of Politics, Journal of Peace Research, Journal of Conflict Resolution, and Nature Human Behaviour, among others.

Dr. Emily Goldman serves as a strategist at U.S. Cyber Command and a thought leader on cyber policy. From 2014 to 2018 she directed the U.S. Cyber Command / National Security Agency Combined Action Group, leading a team that wrote the 2018 U.S. Cyber Command vision, Achieve and Maintain Cyberspace Superiority.

Anubha Gupta focuses on Dr B.R. Ambedkar’s work and its engagement with international cybersecurity. She has qualified University Grants Commission’s National Eligibility Test and Junior Research Fellowship in Political Science. She is pursuing her doctoral degree in Diplomacy and Disarmament division of the Centre for International Politics, Organizations, and Disarmament (CIPOD) at the School of International Studies (SIS) at Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi, India. She has a master’s degree in Politics with a specialization in International Relations from the School of International Studies, JNU, New Delhi and an undergraduate degree in Political Science and Economics from St Stephen’s College, Delhi University, New Delhi, India. She is currently working as a Research Associate with Indian Council of World Affairs, Sapru House, New Dehi. She has previously worked with Observer Research Foundation, New Delhi.

Dr. Richard Harknett is Professor and Director of the School of Public and International Affairs, Co-Director of the Ohio Cyber Range Institute, and Chair of the Center for Cyber Strategy and Policy at the University of Cincinnati.

Sophie in 't Veld (1963) is a Dutch MEP with the Renew Group. Her work in the European Parliament revolves around issues related to democracy, the rule of law and fundamental rights (DRFMG). She has a keen interest in the risks posed to the fundamental right of privacy by governments and businesses. Since 2018, she has presided over the DRFMG monitor group, and in 2021 she took the initiative for the European Parliament's Pegasus Spyware Report.

Jacqueline Kazil is the Director of Geospatial Solutions at Bana Solutions, a Fellow of the Python Software Foundation, and a former Board Member. She was a co-founder of 18F, a leader of “open by default” initiatives, and a former White House Presidential Innovation Fellow. She is also the author of Data Wrangling with Python, published by O’Reilly, and the creator of the agent-based modeling library called Mesa. She has a Ph.D. in computational social science from George Mason University. Her contributions to this article are her own views, not those of any affiliations.

Lennart Maschmeyer is a Senior Researcher in Cybersecurity at the Center for Security Studies at ETH Zürich with an interest in the strategic role of cyber conflict, subversion as an instrument of power, and threat intelligence. He holds a PhD in Political Science from the University of Toronto, and an MPhil in International Relations from the University of Oxford. Lennart also co-chairs the ECCRI Virtual Research Workshop series, and the FIRST Threat Intel Coalition SIG.

Dr. Daniel Moore has nearly 20 years of experience in the intersection of technology, intelligence and cyber. He holds a PhD from King's College London and has held roles in the public and private sectors, including with the Israeli military, IBM, Accenture and Meta. Daniel has published extensively on security issues.

Dr. Densua Mumford is Assistant Professor of International Relations at the Faculty of Governance and Global Affairs, Leiden University. Her research primarily explores the international relations of African peoples and states. Within this broad theme, she focuses on the role of regional organisations such as the African Union, ECOWAS, and SADC in the political and economic dynamics of the continent. She is currently investigating the discursive context of African regionalism. She also has a robust research interest in the politics of the internet and digital technologies, with a current project on the political narratives of cryptocurrency evangelists. Her work contributes to decolonising perspectives on international relations.

Derek Reveron is Chair and Professor of National Security Affairs at the US Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island. He specializes in strategy development, non-state security challenges, intelligence, and US defense policy. He has authored or edited 14 books. Dr. Reveron is a faculty affiliate at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University where he co-teaches a course on contemporary national security challenges at the Kennedy School of Government. Note: The views expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Naval War College, Department of the Navy, Department of Defense, or the US government.

Dr Daniel Salisbury is a Senior Research Fellow at the Centre for Science and Security Studies (CSSS) within the Department of War Studies at King’s College London. He is currently undertaking a three-year research project on arms embargos as part of a Leverhulme Trust Early Career Fellowship. Daniel previously held positions at the Harvard Kennedy School’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, the Henry L. Stimson Center in Washington DC, the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies in Monterey, CSSS and the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London. He is the author of Secrecy, Public Relations and the British Nuclear Debate: How the UK Government Learned to Talk about the Bomb, 1970-1983 (Routledge Cold War History series, 2020). He is also the author or co-author of over twenty journal articles and book chapters, and the co-editor of books on Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) and UN Security Council resolution 1540. His commentary has been published by Arms Control Today, Arms Control Wonk, Asia Times, The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, The Conversation, The Diplomat, Lawfare, Newsweek, NK News, Scientific American, and Vice.

Runa Sandvik is the founder of Granitt, a consultancy focused on security for civil society and at-risk people around the world. Her work builds upon experience from her time at the New York Times, Freedom of the Press Foundation, and the Tor Project. She’s a member of the Aspen Institute’s Global Cybersecurity Group and an advisor to the US Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency’s Technical Advisory Council. She writes an occasional newsletter called Glitch Cat and posts on X as @runasand.

Based in New York City, Yuliana Shemetovets is the political representative of the Belarusian Cyber Partisans. In her role, she coordinates platform building, cybersecurity, verification policies and manages communication strategies with media, civil, and political organizations. Yuliana is a panelist at Bloomberg, BBC, Harvard, Yale, NYU. In addition to her work with the Cyber Partisans, Yuliana is an active council member of the Kalinouski Regiment in Ukraine. A director of the organizing committee for the “Belarus Liberty” nonprofit organization, Yuliana is focused on using technology to empower civil societies and to advocate for human rights. Yuliana holds MA in Political Science and MS in Data Analytics.

Benjamin Silverstein is an independent space policy analyst. His prior roles within and outside the U.S. government focused on international cooperation on space security issues. His work has appeared in outlets such as Foreign Policy, Issues in Science and Technology, War on the Rocks, and SpaceNews. Silverstein completed his MA in international relations at Syracuse University and received his BA in international affairs from George Washington University. He can be found on X and Bluesky @47stein.

John Speed Meyers is the head of Chainguard Labs. He leads an applied R&D team focused on software supply chain security and open source software security. He previously led an open source software security research initiative at In-Q-Tel, advising the U.S. intelligence community about their dependence and symbiosis with free and open source software. He has a PhD in public policy from the Pardee RAND Graduate School, an MPA from Princeton University, and a BA in international relations from Tufts University. He has reluctantly accepted that software rules everything around him.

Ollie Whitehouse is the Chief Technology Officer of the UK's National Cyber Security Centre. He aims both to maintain the NCSC's role as the National Technical Authority for cyber security and provide influence in tackling the challenges of tomorrow. His career spans over 27 years in applied cyber-attack and defence, in addition to his role as a science advisor to wider government. Prior to joining the NCSC, Ollie held a portfolio of non-executive directorships and investment advisory positions in relation to British cyber interests. His operational tenures include over ten and half years at NCC Group as CTO, and at BlackBerry and Symantec. Ollie has given oral evidence to the UK Parliament Joint Committee on the National Security Strategy twice in 2017 and 2022 on matters related to cyber security.