Kye J. Allen is a doctoral researcher in International Relations at the University of Oxford and a member of the Extremism and Gaming Research Network specialising in the history of twentieth-century Anglo-American fascism and the study of contemporary forms of far-right extremism and conspiratorial theorising.

Siena Anstis is a PhD Fellow in Law at the University of Oslo and a senior legal advisor with the Citizen Lab at the Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy (University of Toronto). Previously, she worked as a litigation associate at Morrison & Foerster in New York City and clerked at the Supreme Court of Canada. She holds a law degree from McGill University and an LLM from the University of Cambridge. Her current research focuses on the regulation of transnational repression under international law.

Dr. Gil Baram is an established cybersecurity strategy and policy expert with more than 15 years of experience leading innovative research, lecturing, and consulting senior business leaders and government officials. Currently, she is a research scholar at the Center for Long-Term Cybersecurity and the Berkeley Risk and Security Lab, University of California, Berkeley. She was a Fulbright cybersecurity post-doctoral fellow at the Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University.

Dan Black is a Senior Research Associate at ECCRI, a cyber threat expert with an interest in military cyber programs, operations, and the character of cyber conflict. He is currently a Manager of Cyber Espionage Analysis at Google Cloud’s Mandiant, and previously held similar leading analytical roles with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Canadian Centre for Cyber Security (CCCS). Dan holds master’s degrees in International Relations from Harvard University and in Anthropology from the University of Toronto. He was previously a Millennium Leadership Fellow with the Atlantic Council.

Dr Blancke is a political scientist and analyst whose research focuses on international state and non-state intelligence. He holds a diploma in administrative law as well as a diploma in political science. His doctoral dissertation examined counterintelligence and espionage activities of non-state actors. He has researched Cyber Warfare in Geneva and worked in an Intelligence & Analysis unit at the UK Home Office in London. For some time, he worked at the Centre for Science & Security Studies (CSSS) at King's College London in the field of proliferation and illicit procurement networks. Since November 2022, he has been an Associate Fellow at the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI) in London. Dr Blancke writes for Jane's Intelligence Review, Intelligence Online, NK News and others. He has published on Chinese and North Korean espionage, extremism and terrorism, as well as illegal trade on the dark web.

Andi Brown is a criminologist at Monash University. Her research focus specialises in consumer internet-of-things technologies, and she has a specific interest in technology-facilitated abuse. Safety-by-design, and particularly codesign with vulnerable edge users, are important principles of exploration for her research. Her broader research interests encompass feminist and critical criminology, harm-reduction and crime prevention approaches, and domestic and family violence.

Benjamin Charlton is a geopolitical analyst and futurist specialising in China, Japan, and outer space. His research interests include Taiwan-China relations, strategic foresight methods, the social and political impacts of novel technology, and the long-term future of East Asia. His articles have appeared in the China Economic Review, The Space Review, The Diplomat and the South China Morning Post.

Timothy Charlton-Czaplicki is a Postdoctoral Research Associate at the Minderoo Centre for Technology & Democracy, University of Cambridge, and a Junior Research Fellow of Wolfson College, Cambridge. He researches how digital transformation and new technologies are impacting humanitarian action as well as communities affected by humanitarian emergencies.

Meghan Conroy is the U.S. Research Fellow at the Digital Forensic Research Lab housed within the Atlantic Council think tank in Washington, DC.

Rogier Creemers is a Lecturer in Modern Chinese Studies. With a background in Sinology and International Relations, and a PhD in Law, his research focuses on Chinese domestic digital technology policy, as well as China's growing importance in global digital affairs. He is the principal investigator of the NWO Vidi Project "The Smart State: Big Data, Artificial Intelligence and the Law in China". For the Leiden Asia Centre, he directs a project on China and global cybersecurity, funded by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

John E. Savage is the An Wang Professor Emeritus of Computer Science at Brown University. He is a Fellow of the AAAS, ACM, IEEE, and a Guggenheim Fellow. He served as a Jefferson Science Fellow in the US State Department, a Fellow at the EastWest Institute, and a member of the Rhode Island Cybersecurity Commission. He published over 100 research articles, two books on theoretical computer science, co-authored a book on computer literacy, and co-edited a book on VLSI and parallel systems. He has given more than 185 invited presentations worldwide.

Isabel Ebert is a Senior Research Fellow at the Institute for Business Ethics, University of St. Gallen, and serves as a Strategic Adviser to the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights B-Tech Project, focusing on Business & Human Rights in the technology sector. She is a technology and human rights fellow at the Harvard Kennedy School’s Carr Center. Her research explores regulatory and policy responses to emerging human rights challenges connected with technology company conduct and implications for policy coherence.

Dr. Michael Fischerkeller is a research staff member in the Information Technology and Systems Division at the Institute for Defense Analyses.

Aidan Foster-Carter has tracked trends on the Korean peninsula ever since 1968, starting unpropitiously as a Kim Il-sung fanboy. Educated at Eton and Oxford (PPE), he taught development sociology at the Universities of Hull, Dar es Salaam and Leeds from 1971 to 1997. Since then he has been a full-time analyst and consultant on contemporary Korea: writing, lecturing and broadcasting for academic, business and policy audiences worldwide. Widely published, he has been Oxford Analytica’s main contributor on Korea since the 1980s, and until 2017 did the same at EIU. He also writes for IISS and elsewhere.

Mauro Gilli is a Senior Researcher in Military Technology and International Security at the Center for Security Studies of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH-Zurich). His research has been published in International Security, Security Studies, Journal of Strategic Studies, Social Science Quarterly and PlosOne, and has received coverage, among others, in The Economist, the Washington Post, The New Yorker, Wired Magazine, Foreign Policy, The Diplomat, and others. He has written articles, among others, for Lawfare Blog, Monkey Cage, VoxEU, War on the Rocks.

Anita R. Gohdes is Professor of International and Cyber Security at the Hertie School in Berlin. She works at the intersection of international security and technology and is the author of the forthcoming book “Repression in the Digital Age: Surveillance, Censorship, and the Dynamics of State Violence”. Previously, she was Assistant Professor of International Relations at the University of Zurich and postdoctoral research fellow at Harvard Kennedy School’s Belfer Center’s International Security Program. Her work has appeared in the American Journal of Political Science, Journal of Politics, Journal of Peace Research, Journal of Conflict Resolution, and Nature Human Behaviour, among others.

Dr. Emily Goldman serves as a strategist at U.S. Cyber Command and a thought leader on cyber policy. From 2014 to 2018 she directed the U.S. Cyber Command / National Security Agency Combined Action Group, leading a team that wrote the 2018 U.S. Cyber Command vision, Achieve and Maintain Cyberspace Superiority.

Anubha Gupta focuses on Dr B.R. Ambedkar’s work and its engagement with international cybersecurity. She has qualified University Grants Commission’s National Eligibility Test and Junior Research Fellowship in Political Science. She is pursuing her doctoral degree in Diplomacy and Disarmament division of the Centre for International Politics, Organizations, and Disarmament (CIPOD) at the School of International Studies (SIS) at Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi, India. She has a master’s degree in Politics with a specialization in International Relations from the School of International Studies, JNU, New Delhi and an undergraduate degree in Political Science and Economics from St Stephen’s College, Delhi University, New Delhi, India. She is currently working as a Research Associate with Indian Council of World Affairs, Sapru House, New Dehi. She has previously worked with Observer Research Foundation, New Delhi.

Dr. Richard Harknett is Professor and Director of the School of Public and International Affairs, Co-Director of the Ohio Cyber Range Institute, and Chair of the Center for Cyber Strategy and Policy at the University of Cincinnati.

Irfan Hemani is Deputy Director for Cyber Security at the UK's Department for Science, Innovation and Technology. He is responsible for secure technology policy as part of the UK's National Cyber strategy. He is also the author of the Harvard Belfer Center's National Cyber Power Index, He previously worked in Deloitte's Technology Risk Advisory team.

Sophie in 't Veld (1963) is a Dutch MEP with the Renew Group. Her work in the European Parliament revolves around issues related to democracy, the rule of law and fundamental rights (DRFMG). She has a keen interest in the risks posed to the fundamental right of privacy by governments and businesses. Since 2018, she has presided over the DRFMG monitor group, and in 2021 she took the initiative for the European Parliament's Pegasus Spyware Report.

Tom Johansmeyer is a POLIR Ph.D. candidate at the University of Kent, Canterbury. Based in Bermuda, where he also works in the reinsurance industry, he was previously the head of Property Claim Services (PCS) at data/analytics firm Verisk, which provides data on industry-wide insured loss events for both natural and man-made disaster events. In this role, he developed the first such tools for global cyber risk. Tom proudly pushed paper in the U.S. Army in the late 1990s, and if you were in the 2nd Infantry Division in 1998, you might have bugged him for your reassignment orders.

Jacqueline Kazil is the Director of Geospatial Solutions at Bana Solutions, a Fellow of the Python Software Foundation, and a former Board Member. She was a co-founder of 18F, a leader of “open by default” initiatives, and a former White House Presidential Innovation Fellow. She is also the author of Data Wrangling with Python, published by O’Reilly, and the creator of the agent-based modeling library called Mesa. She has a Ph.D. in computational social science from George Mason University. Her contributions to this article are her own views, not those of any affiliations.

Christos serves as an Associate Research Professor at the W. P. Carey School of Business and Research Affiliate at the Global Security Initiative (both in Arizona State University), a Professor at the Vienna University of Economics and Business, a Digital Fellow at the Digital Economy Lab in Stanford University, a Non-resident Fellow at the Institute for Religious Studies at Baylor University, an Adjunct Scholar at the Manhattan Institute, a Senior Adviser at Gallup, a policy adviser, and an entrepreneur. He is the CEO/founder of Dainamic, a technology startup working to democratize the use and application of data science and AI techniques for small and mid sized organizations, and COO/co-founder of Living Opera, a classical music multimedia startup. Christos previously served on the White House Council of Economic Advisers managing the cybersecurity, technology, and space activities, as a Non-resident Fellow at the Cyber Security Project in the Harvard Kennedy School of Government, as a Digital Fellow at the Initiative at the Digital Economy in the MIT Sloan School of Management, a a Non-resident Research Scientist at Datacamp, as a Visiting Fellow at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, and as an Adjunct Associate Research Scholar at the Chazen Institute in Columbia Business School. Christos’ primary academic research focuses on labor economics, the digital economy, and personal finance and well-being. He also writes frequently for syndicated outlets in the press and serves on the Council of Advisers for the National Center on Sexual Exploitation. Christos earned a Bachelor’s in Economics and Minor in Mathematics at Arizona State University, as well as dual Masters and PhDs in Economics and Management Science & Engineering at Stanford University.

Lennart Maschmeyer is a Senior Researcher in Cybersecurity at the Center for Security Studies at ETH Zürich with an interest in the strategic role of cyber conflict, subversion as an instrument of power, and threat intelligence. He holds a PhD in Political Science from the University of Toronto, and an MPhil in International Relations from the University of Oxford. Lennart also co-chairs the ECCRI Virtual Research Workshop series, and the FIRST Threat Intel Coalition SIG.

Niklas Masuhr is a Senior Researcher and military analyst at the Center for Security Studies (CSS) at ETH Zurich. He focuses on Russian and NATO force development and doctrine, dynamics and insights of contemporary conflict and Russian semi-state activities in Africa. He holds an MA in Strategic Studies from the University of Reading.

Dr. Anwar Mhajne is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at Stonehill College. Her research focuses on gender, religion, cybersecurity, digital politics, disinformation, and Middle Eastern politics. She is the coeditor of Critical Perspectives on Cybersecurity, (Oxford University Press 2024).

Dr. Daniel Moore has nearly 20 years of experience in the intersection of technology, intelligence and cyber. He holds a PhD from King's College London and has held roles in the public and private sectors, including with the Israeli military, IBM, Accenture and Meta. Daniel has published extensively on security issues.

Dr. Densua Mumford is Assistant Professor of International Relations at the Faculty of Governance and Global Affairs, Leiden University. Her research primarily explores the international relations of African peoples and states. Within this broad theme, she focuses on the role of regional organisations such as the African Union, ECOWAS, and SADC in the political and economic dynamics of the continent. She is currently investigating the discursive context of African regionalism. She also has a robust research interest in the politics of the internet and digital technologies, with a current project on the political narratives of cryptocurrency evangelists. Her work contributes to decolonising perspectives on international relations.

Katharine is a Cyber Threat Intelligence Consultant at London-based consultancy Security Alliance. She also heads up the Geopolitical team and is the lead analyst for Russia and Europe. Katharine has published work on a range of cybersecurity-related topics, with her research interests including spyware, disinformation and influence operations and expansion of state cyber capabilities. She holds a Master’s in Intelligence and International Security from King’s College London and was a 2023-2024 ECCRI Fellow.

Kenneth Payne is Professor of Strategy at King’s College London, where he researches the role of Artificial Intelligence in national security. He’s the author of four books on strategy, most recently 'I, Warbot: The Dawn of Artificially Intelligent Conflict'. This book looked ahead to the battlefield of the near future and considered the prospects for creative artificial strategists. 'I, Warbot' was named a book of the year by The Economist newspaper and the leading academic journal, International Affairs. Professor Payne is a Commissioner of the Global Commission for Responsible AI in the Military Domain. He has appeared before Parliamentary committees in the UK and the Netherlands, and currently serves as Specialist Advisor to the UK Parliament’s Defence Committee for its work on AI. He contributed to the US National Security Commission on AI, and has been invited to consult with the UN Secretary General’s recently formed high-level advisory body on AI.

Derek Reveron is Chair and Professor of National Security Affairs at the US Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island. He specializes in strategy development, non-state security challenges, intelligence, and US defense policy. He has authored or edited 14 books. Dr. Reveron is a faculty affiliate at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University where he co-teaches a course on contemporary national security challenges at the Kennedy School of Government. Note: The views expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Naval War College, Department of the Navy, Department of Defense, or the US government.

Dr Hugo Rosemont is Director of Policy and Public Affairs for the Government Solutions International business at KBR Inc. He also serves as Visiting Senior Research Fellow with the Department of War Studies at King’s College, London. He writes here in a personal capacity and bases this article on his talk to the CCW Emerging Threats Group at the University of Oxford on 22 January 2024.

Dr Daniel Salisbury is a Senior Research Fellow at the Centre for Science and Security Studies (CSSS) within the Department of War Studies at King’s College London. He is currently undertaking a three-year research project on arms embargos as part of a Leverhulme Trust Early Career Fellowship. Daniel previously held positions at the Harvard Kennedy School’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, the Henry L. Stimson Center in Washington DC, the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies in Monterey, CSSS and the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London. He is the author of Secrecy, Public Relations and the British Nuclear Debate: How the UK Government Learned to Talk about the Bomb, 1970-1983 (Routledge Cold War History series, 2020). He is also the author or co-author of over twenty journal articles and book chapters, and the co-editor of books on Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) and UN Security Council resolution 1540. His commentary has been published by Arms Control Today, Arms Control Wonk, Asia Times, The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, The Conversation, The Diplomat, Lawfare, Newsweek, NK News, Scientific American, and Vice.

Runa Sandvik is the founder of Granitt, a consultancy focused on security for civil society and at-risk people around the world. Her work builds upon experience from her time at the New York Times, Freedom of the Press Foundation, and the Tor Project. She’s a member of the Aspen Institute’s Global Cybersecurity Group and an advisor to the US Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency’s Technical Advisory Council. She writes an occasional newsletter called Glitch Cat and posts on X as @runasand.

Sara Seppanen is a postgraduate student in Cyber Policy and Strategy at King’s College London. She is also a temporary research analyst in the Cyber team at the Royal United Services Institute, working on projects related to cyber diplomacy, responsible cyber behaviour, and statecraft.

Salma Shaheen is currently teaching at the Department of Defence Studies, King’s College, London. She specialises in nuclear command and control and is the author of 'Nuclear Command and Control Norms'. Dr Shaheen regularly contributes to national and international newspapers and magazines. Her areas of research include the impact of emerging and disruptive technologies, nuclear non-proliferation, international security and deterrence, and strategic communications. Prior to starting her PhD at King’s, she worked as Assistant Director (research) in Pakistan's Arms Control and Disarmament Affairs directorate, Strategic Plans Division.

Abhishek Sharma is a Ph.D. Scholar in Korean Studies at the Department of East Asian Studies, Delhi University and a Research Associate with the Centre for Air Power Studies, a military think tank based in New Delhi. His doctoral thesis examines the Strategic Utility of North Korean cyber capabilities. His research interest focuses on the intersection of geopolitics and critical emerging technologies in the Indo-Pacific, particularly cyber capabilities, cyber crimes, and AI. He is a Non-resident Kelly Fellow at Pacific Forum and NASC Fellow at Takshashila Institution. Currently, he is working on a book project titled Minilaterals in Indo-Pacific and India: Perspectives, Power, and Prospects. He holds a First-Class Master’s degree in International Relations from South Asian University. In 2022, he was selected as the Quadmin Emerging Leader and an NCAFP Emerging Leader, where he contributed a policy brief on Quad's cyber cooperation and prospects and North Korea's Peace-time Cyber capabilities. His articles have been featured in several publications, including Nikkei Asia, NK News, The Diplomat, The National Interest, Observer Research Foundation, South Korea Pro, and 9Dashline.

Based in New York City, Yuliana Shemetovets is the political representative of the Belarusian Cyber Partisans. In her role, she coordinates platform building, cybersecurity, verification policies and manages communication strategies with media, civil, and political organizations. Yuliana is a panelist at Bloomberg, BBC, Harvard, Yale, NYU. In addition to her work with the Cyber Partisans, Yuliana is an active council member of the Kalinouski Regiment in Ukraine. A director of the organizing committee for the “Belarus Liberty” nonprofit organization, Yuliana is focused on using technology to empower civil societies and to advocate for human rights. Yuliana holds MA in Political Science and MS in Data Analytics.

Benjamin Silverstein is an independent space policy analyst. His prior roles within and outside the U.S. government focused on international cooperation on space security issues. His work has appeared in outlets such as Foreign Policy, Issues in Science and Technology, War on the Rocks, and SpaceNews. Silverstein completed his MA in international relations at Syracuse University and received his BA in international affairs from George Washington University. He can be found on X and Bluesky @47stein.

John Speed Meyers is the head of Chainguard Labs. He leads an applied R&D team focused on software supply chain security and open source software security. He previously led an open source software security research initiative at In-Q-Tel, advising the U.S. intelligence community about their dependence and symbiosis with free and open source software. He has a PhD in public policy from the Pardee RAND Graduate School, an MPA from Princeton University, and a BA in international relations from Tufts University. He has reluctantly accepted that software rules everything around him.

Alexandra Trantos is an undergraduate student studying political science at Stonehill College. She is currently working with Dr. Mhajne on a research project related to disinformation in the Israel-Hamas war.

In 2003 Mauro started working at the first unit of the Swiss Federal Police fighting cybercrime. Later on, he collaborated to the establishment of MELANI, Switzerland's first centre for public-private partnership on cybersecurity for critical infrastructure. Back in 2013, he set up and led the Cyber Threat Intelligence Division within the Department of Defence in Bern. In 2021, he was tasked to create the Vulnerability Management unit within the National Cyber Security Centre NCSC.ch, leading several projects, among them the first bug bounty program of the Swiss government. He then joined the International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC one year later, as advisor on new digital technologies of warfare.

Ollie Whitehouse is the Chief Technology Officer of the UK's National Cyber Security Centre. He aims both to maintain the NCSC's role as the National Technical Authority for cyber security and provide influence in tackling the challenges of tomorrow. His career spans over 27 years in applied cyber-attack and defence, in addition to his role as a science advisor to wider government. Prior to joining the NCSC, Ollie held a portfolio of non-executive directorships and investment advisory positions in relation to British cyber interests. His operational tenures include over ten and half years at NCC Group as CTO, and at BlackBerry and Symantec. Ollie has given oral evidence to the UK Parliament Joint Committee on the National Security Strategy twice in 2017 and 2022 on matters related to cyber security.

Gavin Wilde is a senior fellow in the Technology and International Affairs program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, where his research focuses on cyber, propaganda, emerging tech, and Russia-related issues. He is also an adjunct professor at the Alperovitch Institute for Cybersecurity Studies at Johns Hopkins University. He previously served as a director for Russia on the US National Security Council, and as a senior analyst in the US intelligence community.

Nicolas Zahn works as Managing Director at the Swiss Digital Initiative and is also an independent digital expert. He holds a Master of Arts in International Affairs from the Graduate Institute Geneva. He is a board member, co-founder and member of various organizations and is especially active in democracy and net politics. He is an alumnus of the Swiss Study Foundation, a former Binding Fellow, a former fellow of the Mercator Kolleg for International Affairs, and an ECCRI European Cybersecurity Fellow. His work on bridging technology and politics was also acknowledged by being featured on the 35 under 35 list of CIDOB Barcelona & Banco Santander. He publishes on various digital & political topics in the Republic, NZZ & The Market, Handelszeitung and Schweizer Monat, among others.